Historical background on the Fourteenth Amendment. Fourteenth Amendment confirms that African Americans are indeed U.S. citizens / Akhil Reed Amar ; Fourteenth Amendment emerged out of an earlier Civil Rights Act / Kenneth L. Karst ; It is absurd to consider former slaves anything other than full citizens / James F. Wilson ; Fourteenth Amendment would establish federal despotism over the individual states / A.J. Rogers ; Reconstruction inspired political debate and public violence / Eric Foner ; Fourteenth Amendment will help America fulfill its promise / Thaddeus Stevens ; America committed itself to citizenship for people of all ethnicities / Earl Warren --

Testing the Fourteenth Amendment's citizenship clause. Fourteenth Amendment ensures citizenship to all people born on U.S. soil / Horace Gray ; Fourteenth Amendment's citizenship clause is contrary to legal tradition and sets a dangerous precedent / Melville Fuller ; Naturalized U.S. citizen cannot have his or her citizenship taken away without consent / Hugo Black ; Fourteenth Amendment does not guarantee citizenship in all circumstances / John Marshall Harlan ; Individual states cannot deny public education to the children of undocumented immigrants / William Brennan --

Citizenship controversies in contemporary America. Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of birthright citizenship should be changed / Ron Paul ; Current debates over citizenship for immigrants recall arguments from earlier times / Garrett Epps ; Illegal immigrants abuse the Fourteenth Amendment by having babies in the United States / Dmitri Vasillaros ; Recent immigrants and their babies are no threat / Priscilla Huang ; Fourteenth Amendment allows for dual citizenship and divided loyalties / Allan Wall ; Despite an increase in dual citizenship, most immigrants are loyal to the United States / Michael Barone.